Determination Of Total Fatty Acids Research Articles

The effect of a decaffeinated green tea extract formula on fat oxidation, body composition and exercise performance.

BackgroundThe cardio-metabolic and antioxidant health benefits of caffeinated green tea (GT) relate to its catechin polyphenol content. Less is known about decaffeinated extracts, particularly in combination with exercise. The aim of this study was therefore to determine whether a decaffeinated green tea extract (dGTE) positively influenced fat oxidation, body composition and exercise performance in recreationally active participants.MethodsFourteen, recreationally active males participated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel design intervention (mean ± SE; age = 21.4 ± 0.3 yrs; weight = 76.37 ± 1.73 kg; body fat = 16.84 ± 0.97%, peak oxygen consumption [nttttttt dot{mathrm{V}}{mathrm{O}}_{2mathrm{peak}} ntttttt] = 3.00 ± 0.10 L·min−1). Participants were randomly assigned capsulated dGTE (571 mg·d−1; n = 7) or placebo (PL; n = 7) for 4 weeks. Following body composition and resting cardiovascular measures, participants cycled for 1 hour at 50% nttttttt dot{mathrm{V}}{mathrm{O}}_{2mathrm{peak}} ntttttt, followed by a 40 minute performance trial at week 0, 2 and 4. Fat and carbohydrate oxidation was assessed via indirect calorimetry. Pre-post exercise blood samples were collected for determination of total fatty acids (TFA). Distance covered (km) and average power output (W) were assessed as exercise performance criteria.ResultsTotal fat oxidation rates increased by 24.9% from 0.241 ± 0.025 to 0.301 ± 0.009 g·min−1 with dGTE (P = 0.05; ηp2 = 0.45) by week 4, whereas substrate utilisation was unaltered with PL. Body fat significantly decreased with dGTE by 1.63 ± 0.16% in contrast to PL over the intervention period (P < 0.001; ηp2 = 0.84). No significant changes for FFA or blood pressure between groups were observed. dGTE resulted in a 10.9% improvement in performance distance covered from 20.23 ± 0.54 km to 22.43 ± 0.40 km by week 4 (P < 0.001; ηp2 = 0.85).ConclusionsA 4 week dGTE intervention favourably enhanced substrate utilisation and subsequent performance indices, but did not alter TFA concentrations in comparison to PL. The results support the use of catechin polyphenols from dGTE in combination with exercise training in recreationally active volunteers.

Identification and assay of microbial fatty acids during co-composting of active sewage sludge with palm waste by TMAH-thermochemolysis coupled with GC-MS

The fatty acids of two composts of active sludge with palm tree waste were investigated by thermochemolysis coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. This method (tetramethylammonium hydroxide-pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry) allowed the direct determination of total fatty acids (analysed as fatty acid methyl esters: FAMEs) present in the organic matter of the samples without any separation procedures. Mixture A was 1/3 sludge+2/3 palm waste and mixture B was 1/2 sludge+1/2 palm waste. The level of FAMEs rose by 8.4–33.3% and 10.8–13.4% in mixtures A and B, respectively, after 6 months of co-composting. Branched FAMEs of bacterial origin (iC15:0) rose during the thermophilic phase, in mixture A the aC17:0/aC15:0 ratio increased during the co-composting process, also in mixture B the aC16:0/C16:0 ratio rose but only during the thermophilic phase. All the FAMEs identified showed a drop at the end of co-composting except for C18:0 and C16:0. The stabilisation phase was characterised by a significant rise in the length of the aliphatic chains; the carbon preference index thus increased at the end of the composting process, indicating that the final product was proportionally richer in fatty acids of plant origin.

Optimization of Fatty Acid Determination in Selected Fish and Microalgal Oils

The use of ten fatty acid methyl ester reference standards coupled with a detailed quantification method was shown to significantly optimize the fatty acid determination of selected fish and microalgal oils when compared to methods that use only one reference standard (C19:0 or C23:0) as a relative response factor. When using the mixture of ten reference standards after transesterifying oils with NaOH/BF3, determination of total fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid improved by an average of 7.3, 11.5 and 8.4%, respectively. Furthermore, improvements of 13.9, 18.9 and 6.8% of total fatty acids, EPA and DHA, respectively, were obtained when using the mixture of reference standards for fatty acid determination after directly extracting and transesterifying oil contained in microalgal cells with a mixture of methanol, HCl and chloroform. Fatty acid methyl ester standards dissolved in isooctane showed <5% variability throughout 130 days of stability testing when stored at −20 °C. The optimized method can be used for improving the quantification of fatty acids in both oils (fish and microalgal oils) and dry microalgal cells.

Determination of total fatty acids in plasma: cis-5-tetradecenoic acid (C14:1 omega-9) in the diagnosis of long-chain fatty acid oxidation defects.

The biochemical diagnosis of long-chain fatty acid (LCFA) oxidation disorders is rather difficult as there is no specific organic acid profile in urine. Elevation of cis-5-tetradecenoic acid (14 : 1ω-9) and of the corresponding C 14: 1 acylcarnitine in plasma are now known to be of diagnostic value in patients with very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (VLCAD; McKusick 201475). Mild elevation of these compounds associated with other abnormal fatty acids has been observed in patients with multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (MAD; McKusick 231680) and long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (LCHAD) deficiency (McKusick 600890) (Costa et al 1998; Onkenhout et al 1995). However, in our experience, in some VLCAD patients in very good condition, C 14: 1 ω-9 was barely detectable in the free fatty acid (FFA) pool (Martinez et al 1997). We measured this metabolite in total fatty acids (TFA) of plasma from 19 patients with defects of LCFA oxidation.

Determination of total fatty acids (C 8–C 22) in sludges by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

A simple method for determination of total fatty acids (C 8–C 22) in sludges down to detection limits as low as 3–5 μg/g is reported. They are extracted with dichloromethane and esterified using BF 3 methanolic solution followed by an 11 min run using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry with selected ion monitoring (GC–MS-SIM). Tridecanoic acid was used as a surrogate standard. The applicable concentration range was 8 to 3000 μg/g. The method was validated by standard addition methodology. The method was applied satisfactorily to the determination of these compounds in sludges from a waste water treatment plant in Granada (Spain).

Chemiluminescence detection of free fatty acids by high-performance liquid chromatography with immobilized enzymes

Recently, the assay of free fatty acids (FFA) has become important in biochemical and clinical investigations. Although high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is widely used for this purpose, most of these methods involve the formation of derivatives having ultraviolet or fluorescent groups’*2. Fatty acids themselves generally do not show strong absorption in the ultraviolet region, so that direct detection is not suitable for trace analysis. In the clinical field, an enzymatic method has been used for the determination of total fatty acids in serum3v4 by spectrophotometry, using an acyl-CoA synthetase (ACS) and acyl-CoA oxidase (ACO) reaction system:

Comparison of fatty acid composition in tissues of low linolenate mutants of soybean

Phosphatidylcholine and monogalactosyldiacylglycerol are the proposed substrates for fatty acid desaturation to form linolenic acid (18:3) in plant tissues. A comparative analysis of the compositions of PC and MGDG molecular species, together with determination of total fatty acids, was conducted in the soybean cv. Century and in C1640, a low 18:3 mutant, to evaluate the expression of this mutation in the two classes of lipids among various tissues. Seeds of C1640 and A5, another low 18:3 mutant, had decreased 18:3 levels in cotyledons and axes but not in seed coats. Vegetative tissues of C1640 and A5 had lower 18:3 levels in roots but not in leaves and stems. The amount (mo1%) of 16:0/18:3 and 18:3/18:3 PC species in cotyledons and 18:3-containing PC species in axes, decreased in C1640 compared to Century. The reduction of 16:0/18:3 and 18:3/18:3 species in both PC and MGDG also occurred in roots but little alteration existed in leaves and stems of C1640. The present results suggest the existence of a possible common mechanism for the formation of 18:3 in roots and seeds which is different from leaves and stems.

Infrared measurement of total fatty acids in blood serum

AbstractQuantitative determination of total fatty acids in rabbit blood serum is achieved using the infrared absorption band, associated with the C=0 stretching vibration at 1713 cm−1 (5.84 μm). Different tests are described to show the validity of this method for a wide range of variation in total concentration and in individual percentages of any one fatty acid. The results are treated by statistical methods, and it is found that infrared analysis is five times more sensitive than methods described previously. This accurate technique, which can be applied to other serums has, for example, been applied to disclose a systematic error in the preparation of total fatty acid samples when nitrogen flushing is not used.

Infrared measurement of total fatty acids in blood serum

AbstractQuantitative determination of total fatty acids in rabbit blood serum is achieved using the infrared absorption band, associated with the C = O stretching vibration at 1713 cm−1 (5.84 μm). Different tests are described to show the validity of this method for a wide range of variation in total concentration and in individual percentages of any one fatty acid. The results are treated by statistical methods, and it is found that infrared analysis is five times more sensitive than methods described previously. This accurate technique, which can be applied to other serums has, for example, been applied to disclose a systematic error in the preparation of total fatty acid samples when nitrogen flushing is not used.

A micro quantitative determination of total fatty acids in biological samples by esterification with radioactive methanol

By the application of the isotope derivative technique with radioactive methanol, a procedure for measuring esterified and nonesterified fatty acids was devised. The present method is ideally suited to measuring large numbers of biological samples when total fatty acid content is required. The wide range of sample size, short time required for measurement, applicability to both free and esterified fatty acids, and possibility of computorized data processing make the present method a valuable supplement to gasliquid chromatography.

Semimicro determination of total fatty acids and unsaponifiable matter

AbstractA semimicro method for determining both total fatty acids and unsaponifiable matter in fats, fatty acids, and soap is presented. The procedure involves saponification and recovery of the total fatty acids (which includes the unsaponifiables), removal of the fatty acids with anion exchange resins, and determination of the unsaponifiable matter by weight.The total fatty acid method was evaluated on seven samples and showed a standard deviation from the mean of 0.21%. The unsaponifiable matter determination gives good reproducibility with a standard deviation from the mean of 0.06%. Since this ion exchange is a direct determination of the nonionic components, the results obtained from it should be more accurate and more nearly the true values than the macro extraction method which is empirical.

The microtitration of total fatty acids of serum, with notes on the estimation of triglycerides

A method is described for the determination of total fatty acids of serum by microtitration. The method is designed to permit also the determination of cholesterol and lipid phosphorus, and of triglycerides by difference. One ml. of serum is sufficient for duplicate determinations of total fatty acids, lipid phosphorus, and cholesterol. The essential steps include extraction of serum lipids, saponification, extraction and microtitration of the liberated fatty acids. A Possible modification which may be useful in the estimation of triglycerides is described. Recoveries of pure fatty acids and triglycerides were 97 per cent complete. Short chain fatty acids and intermediates of carbohydrate metabolism were not detected by this method.

The rapid determination of total fatty acid in unbuilt soap products

The first page of this article is displayed as the abstract.

A modified liquid‐liquid extractor for routine oil analysis

Summary1. A continuous liquid‐liquid extractor was designed and procedures were devised for the determination of total fatty acids, oxidized acids, and unsaponifiable matter. These procedures give results that are in agreement with the present A.O.C.S. Methods.2. The continuous liquid‐liquid extractor has the following advantages: It is simple in design, easy to operate and keep clean. The inner tube which gives better solvent dispersion than standard commercial pieces can be made out of ordinary glass tubing at relatively low cost. The operation is automatic. Once a bank of these extractors is set up, the operator is free to do other work. The extractions are made rapidly without troublesome emulsions. Greater accuracy is possible because of limited handling. The enclosed system minimizes health and fire hazards inherent in the present A.O.C.S. Methods.

The composition of the saponifiable lipides of cultured tissue cells. A microfractionation study of Earle's strain L

Methods are described for the extraction of lipides and the simultaneous determination of total fatty acids, unsaturation, and lipide phosphorus in as little as 0.2 mg. of dry tissue. The levels of these constituents were found to be quite constant in batches of Earle's strain L tissue culture cells grown for 12–18 days under standard conditions.

The titrimetric determination of plasma fatty acids.

A method is described for the determination of total fatty acids in small amounts of blood plasma. The plasma lipids are extracted in an alcohol–acetone mixture. Following saponification and hydrolysis, the fatty acids from an aliquot of their benzene solution are dissolved in alcoholic thymol blue and titrated with tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide as recommended by Schmidt–Nielsen. The method is applicable to the study of alimentary hyperlipemia in rats.

The determination of total fatty acids in blood

The determination of total fatty acids in blood

Determination of total fatty acids

Determination of total fatty acids

Factory Method for the Determination of Total Fatty Acids in Cotton-seed Foots.

Factory Method for the Determination of Total Fatty Acids in Cotton-seed Foots.